Integration of Elymus repens control and post-harvest catch crop growing in organic cropping systems

In Northern Europe, Elymus repens (L.) Gould infestations are traditionally controlled by repeated stubble cultivation in the period from harvest to ploughing in autumn. However, in organic farming, post-harvest tillage is undesirable due to the need for retaining nutrients in the cropping system. The soil is mostly cropped in that period, limiting post-harvest tillage. Two control strategies against E. repens are presented that merge the objectives of achieving a significant reduction of E. repens while having the soil covered with plants during the post-harvest period. Strategy I is an integration of rhizome fragmentation by soil cultivation within two days after harvest in early August with subsequent sowing of a catch crop to suppress shoot growth from the rhizome fragments. Strategy II also includes growing a catch crop but is preceded by a mid-summer fallow period lasting 4-6 weeks where repeated soil cultivations are conducted to fragment, weaken and desiccate the rhizomes. Strategy II controlled 91-90% of the E. repens population while strategy I only controlled up to 40%, mainly because of the weakening and desiccation of rhizomes caused by repeated cultivations. However, the fallow period may lead to undesirable nutrient leaching from sandy soils and the grower will have to desist from growing a profitable maturing crop, aspects that should be counterbalanced against the urgency for E. repens control and other possible control options. Strategy I appears to be more relevant for low infestation levels of E. repens while strategy II would be more appropriate where infestations have become large

Molecule Formation in Optical Lattice Wells by Resonantly Modulated Magnetic Fields

We present a theoretical model for formation of molecules in an optical lattice well where a resonant coupling of atomic and molecular states is provided by small oscillations of a magnetic field in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance. As opposed to an adiabatic sweep over the full resonance, this provides a coherent coupling with a frequency that can be tuned to meet resonance conditions in the system. The effective Rabi frequencies for this coupling are calculated and simulations show perfect Rabi oscillations. Robust production of molecules with an adiabatic sweep of the modulation frequency is demonstrated. For very large oscillation amplitudes, the Rabi oscillations are distorted but still effective and fast association is possible.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Plasmon-exciton polaritons in 2D semiconductor/metal interfaces

The realization and control of polaritons is of paramount importance in the prospect of novel photonic devices. Here, we investigate the emergence of plasmon-exciton polaritons in hybrid structures consisting of a two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) deposited onto a metal substrate or coating a metallic thin-film. We determine the polaritonic spectrum and show that, in the former case, the addition of a top dielectric layer, and, in the latter, the thickness of the metal film,can be used to tune and promote plasmon-exciton interactions well within the strong coupling regime. Our results demonstrate that Rabi splittings exceeding 100 meV can be readily achieved in planar dielectric/TMDC/metal structures under ambient conditions. We thus believe that this work provides a simple and intuitive picture to tailor strong coupling in plexcitonics, with potential applications for engineering compact photonic devices with tunable optical properties.Comment: 6 pages, including 5 figures and reference

Effects of ground movements on realistic guide models for the European Spallation Source

We model the effect of ground movement, based on empirical experience, on the transport properties of long neutron guides by ray-tracing simulations. Our results reproduce the large losses found by an earlier study for a simple model, while for a more realistic engineering model of guide mounting, we find the losses to be significantly smaller than earlier predicted. A detailed study of the guide for the cold neutron spectrometer BIFROST at the European Spallation Source shows that the loss is 7.0(5) % for wavelengths of 2.3-4.0 {\AA}; the typical operational wavelength range of the instrument. This amount of loss does not call for mitigation by overillumination as suggested in the previous work. Our work serves to quantify the robustness of the transport properties of long neutron guides, in construction or planning at neutron facilities worldwide.Comment: 8 pages, 12 figure

Common Couch-grass control with less tillage

Control of Common Couch-grass often conflicts with the need to retain nutrients in organic cropping systems, as it involves intensive tillage in the post-harvest period. Thus, preferably the soil should be cropped through the entire year to prevent nutrient leaching from the root zone. Research has shown that new control strategies may combine the reduction of couch infestations and a soil cover with plants during the post-harvest period. This may have potential for practical implementation

Nye strategier til at bekæmpe kvik

Traditionel bekæmpelse af alm. kvik med sort jord og harvninger om efteråret medfører tab af næringsstoffer fra rodzonen. Derfor burde jorden holdes plantedækket hele året, men så får kvikken for meget spillerum. Bekæmpelse af kvik kan dog godt forenes med ønsket om at holde jorden plantedækket det meste af efteråret

Probabilistic state preparation of a single molecular ion by projection measurement

We show how to prepare a single molecular ion in a specific internal quantum state in a situation where the molecule is trapped and sympathetically cooled by an atomic ion and where its internal degrees of freedom are initially in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The scheme is based on conditional creation of correlation between the internal state of the molecule and the translational state of the collective motion of the two ions, followed by a projection measurement of this collective mode by atomic ion shelving techniques. State preparation in a large number of internal states is possible.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 2 table

Whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography

© 2016 Hawash et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor

Reactive or psychogenic psychoses: the scandinavian concept

The concept of reactive or psychogenic psychosis through most of the 20th century has been widely used in the Scandinavian countries for a major group of the so-called functional psychoses, separate from manicdepressive psychosis and schizophrenia. Psychogenic psychoses are etiologically defined as psychoses apparently caused by a mental trauma in predisposed individuals. The traumatic stress determines the content and the course of the psychotic reaction, which tend to remit in days to weeks. Since the introduction of ICD-10, the reactive psychoses have been reallocated under various diagnostic categories, mainly as acute and transient psychotic disorders with associated acute stress F23.x1, which, however, seems to be sparsely used

Bidirectional Relationship Between Family Accommodation and Youth Anxiety During Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

Family accommodation is associated with an increase in anxiety and has recently received attention as a target for intervention for youth anxiety. Existing theories posit that the increase in family accommodation increases youth anxiety and can attenuate the effect of psychotherapy. However, the directionality between family accommodation and youth anxiety has not been investigated. A cross-lagged cross-panel design was used to assess accommodation and anxiety for 10 sessions for 73 youths with an anxiety disorder, who were receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy. The analysis revealed a bidirectional relationship, such that to some extent previous session family accommodation increased youth anxiety symptoms (β = 0.11, 95% CI [0.06, 0.17]), but to an even greater extent previous session youth-rated anxiety symptoms increased family accommodation (β = 0.23, 95% CI [0.08, 0.38]). Family accommodation is an important target for reducing youth anxiety but should be addressed simultaneously as interventions directly targeting youth anxiety.publishedVersio